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DNV-OSS-302 Offshore Riser Systems
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SECTION 1
GeneralSec.1
A. General
Sec.1
A 100 Introduction
Sec.1 A
101 DNV provides various services related to dynamic riser systems,
where the word dynamic is referring to a non-stationary riser. In
the notation dynamic riser systems, the following are included:
| — | Metallic risers (i.e. steel,
titanium) |
| — | Composite risers |
| — | Flexible pipes |
| — | Umbilicals (i.e. individual or piggy-back) |
| — | Loading hoses. |
Sec.1 A
102 The DNV services include technical advice/assistance (consultancy
activities) research and development services, in addition to more
traditional design verification/product certification.
The verification and certification services are carried out with
basis in Rules, Standards, Regulations and customer requirements.
Sec.1 A
103 This Offshore Service Specification (OSS) provides criteria
for and guidance to the above-mentioned services for either complete
dynamic riser systems, or for separate/self-contained components
of riser systems.
Sec.1 A
104 DNV is a recognised provider of technical advisory services,
which can be directly connected with the development and design
of deepwater riser systems.
Sec.1 A
105 For verification and certification, this Offshore Service Specification
for dynamic riser systems aims at using the same principles/approaches
as used in the Offshore Service Specification for submarine pipeline
systems (DNV-OSS-301).Sec.1
A 200 Objectives
The objectives of this document are to:
| — | describe DNV's overall
competence and experience related to dynamic riser systems. |
| — | describe DNV's technical advisory-, verification-
and certification services for dynamic riser systems. |
Guidance note:
DNV will use this Offshore Service Specification as a reference document
in writing bids/proposals to the Clients. This will provide
a clear and uniform understanding of the scope of work to be carried
out.---e-n-d---o-f---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
Sec.1
A 300 Organisation of DNV-OSS-302
Sec.1 A
301 This document consists of three Sections and two Appendices:| — | Section 1; providing general
scope of the present document, informative background information,
definitions, abbreviations and references. |
| — | Section 2; providing
information about DNV's competence, experience and technical
approach used in their dynamic riser services. |
| — | Section 3; providing
information/specifications about DNV's services
to dynamic riser systems. |
| — | Appendix A; provides
examples of verification/certification documents. |
| — | Appendix B; provides
an overview of applicable software programs used by DNV. |
Sec.1
A 400 Structure of riser-related DNV documents
Sec.1 A
401 Reference is made to the foreword to this document. From the
document structure described therein, documents relating to riser
systems consist of a three-level hierarchy with these main features: | — | Principles and procedures related
to DNV's Offshore Services are separate from technical
requirements and are described in DNV Offshore Service Specifications. |
| — | Technical requirements are issued as self-contained
DNV Offshore Standards. |
| — | Associate product documents are issued as DNV Recommended
Practices. |
Guidance note:
Product documents issued under previous document structures may
be termed "Classification Notes" or "Guidelines".---e-n-d---o-f---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
Sec.1 A
402 The 3-level hierarchy is designed with these objectives:| — | Offshore Service Specifications
present the scope and extent of DNV's Offshore Services. |
| — | Offshore Standards are issued as neutral technical standards
to enable their use by national authorities, as international codes
and as company or project specifications without reference to DNV's
Offshore Services. |
| — | The Recommended Practices convey DNV's interpretation
of safe and sound engineering practice for general use by the industry. |
Guidance note:
The latest revision of all official DNV publications may be
found on the document list on the DNV's web site: www.dnv.com.---e-n-d---o-f---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
Sec.1
A 500 DNV applicable standards and specifications
Sec.1 A
501 The following DNV standards and specifications relevant for
dynamic risers apply (not limited to):DNV Offshore Service Specifications (OSS):
| — | DNV-OSS-101 Rules for Classification
of Drilling and Support Units |
| — | DNV-OSS-102 Rules for Classification of Floating Production
and Storage Units |
| — | DNV-OSS-301 Certification and Verification of Pipelines |
DNV Offshore Standards (OS):
| — | DNV-OS-F201 Dynamic Risers |
| — | DNV-OS-F101 Submarine Pipeline Systems |
| — | DNV-OS-C102 Structural Design of Offshore Ships |
| — | DNV-OS-C103 Structural Design of Column Stabilised Units
(LRFD Method) |
| — | DNV-OS-C104 Structural Design of Self-Elevating Units (LRFD
Method) |
| — | DNV-OS-C105 Structural Design of TLPs by the LRFD Method |
| — | DNV-OS-C106 Structural Design of Deep Draught Floating
Units (LRFD Method). |
| — | DNV-OS-E101 Drilling Plant |
| — | DNV-OS-E201 Hydrocarbon Production Plant |
DNV Recommended Practice (RP):
| — | DNV-RP-A203 Qualification Procedures
for New Technology |
| — | DNV-RP-B401 Cathodic Protection Design |
| — | DNV-RP-C203 Fatigue Strength Analysis |
| — | DNV-RP-C205 Environmental Conditions
and Environmental Loads |
| — | DNV-RP-F101 Corroded Pipelines |
| — | DNV-RP-F104 Mechanical Pipeline Couplings |
| — | DNV-RP-F105 Free Spanning Pipelines |
| — | DNV-RP-F106 Factory Applied Pipeline Coatings for Corrosion
Control |
| — | DNV-RP-F201 Titanium Risers |
| — | DNV-RP-F202 Composite Risers |
| — | DNV-RP-F203 Riser collision (drafting in progress, planned
issued 2004) |
| — | DNV-RP-F204 Riser fatigue (drafting in progress, planned
issued 2004) |
| — | DNV-RP-F205 Coupled Analysis (drafting in progress, planned
issued 2004) |
| — | DNV-RP-H101 Risk Management in Marine- and Subsea Operations |
| — | DNV-RP-O501 Erosive Wear in Piping Systems |
DNV rules:
| — | DNV Rules for Certification
of Flexible Risers and Pipes, 1994 |
| — | DNV Rules for Planning and Execution of Marine Operations |
DNV Classification Notes (CN):
| — | DNV CN 7 Ultrasonic Inspection
of Weld Connections |
| — | DNV CN 30.4 Foundations |
| — | DNV CN 30.6 Structural Reliability Analysis of Marine Structures |
DNV Standards for Certification:
| — | 1.2 Conformity Certification
Services, Type Approval |
| — | 2.9 Approval programmes - 100 series (Type
Approval) |
| — | 2.9 Approval programmes - 300 series (Approval
of Manufacturers) |
Sec.1 A
502 The Offshore Standard DNV-OS-F201 Dynamic Risers covers all
aspects related to design and analysis of metallic and composite
dynamic risers. DNV-OS-F201 is a result of the Joint Industry Project "Design
Procedures and Acceptance Criteria for Deepwater Risers".
DNV-OS-F201 applies to all new-built all-metallic riser systems
and may also be applied for modification, operation and upgrading
of existing corresponding risers. The Standard is applicable for
both permanent operations (e.g. production and export/import)
as well as temporary operations (e.g. drilling and completion/workover). DNV-OS-F201
for Dynamic Risers is compatible with DNV-OS-F101 for Submarine
Pipeline Systems. The main benefits of DNV-OS-F201 are:| — | Consistent safety level |
| — | Flexible modern design principles (LRFD method, which is
recommended for optimal design of deep water riser systems) |
| — | Cost effective design |
| — | Guidance and requirements for efficient global analyses |
| — | Allowance for use of innovative techniques and procedures. |
Sec.1 A
503 The DNV Offshore Standards are subject to continuous development
to reflect the state-of-the-art consensus on accepted industry practice.Sec.1
A 600 Other applicable standards and specifications
Sec.1 A
601 DNV Offshore Services can be carried out by using our own
standards and or specifications or any other applicable recognised
standard or project specific specification and or requirements.
Sec.1 A
602 Mixing of codes or standards for each system and equipment
is in general to be avoided due to the possible differences in safety
philosophies. Deviations from the code must be specially noted and
approved (if necessary).Guidance note:
Most standards are a coherent collection of requirements for
all the relevant aspects of a riser system. These aspects, e.g.
load and resistance, are normally among themselves adjusted to give
an overall acceptable safety level. To pick requirements from different
standards can then easily result in unpredictable (low) levels of
safety.---e-n-d---o-f---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
Sec.1 A
603 The following API publications are applicable to risers (not
limited to):API Recommended Practice:
| — | API RP 2RD, Design of Risers
for Floating Production Systems (FPSs) and Tension-Leg Platforms
(TLPs) |
| — | API RP 17B, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe |
| — | API RP 17C, Recommended Practice on TFL (Through Flow
Line) |
| — | API RP 17I, Installation Guidelines for Subsea Umbilicals |
| — | API RP 16Q, Recommended Practice for Design, Selection,
Operation and Maintenance of Marine Drilling Riser Systems. |
API Specifications:
| — | API SPEC 17J, Specification
for Unbonded Flexible Pipe |
| — | API SPEC 17G, Design and Operation of Completion Workover
Riser Systems |
| — | API SPEC 17K, Specification for Bonded Flexible Pipe |
| — | API SPEC 7K, Specification for Drilling Equipment |
| — | API SPEC 16R, Specification for Marine Drilling Riser Couplings |
| — | API SPEC 17E, Specification for Subsea Production Control
Umbilical. |
Sec.1 A
604 For material and test methods, the American Society for Testing
and Materials (ASTM) has a list of relevant specifications.
Sec.1 A
605 The following ISO standards are applicable (not limited to):| — | ISO/FDIS 2394 General
Principles on Reliability for Structures |
| — | ISO/CD 13628-2 Petroleum and natural gas industries - Design
and operation of subsea production systems - Part 2: Flexible
pipe systems for subsea and marine applications |
| — | ISO/CD 13628-5 Petroleum and natural gas industries
- Design and operation of subsea production systems -- Part 5: Subsea
umbilicals |
| — | ISO/CD 13628-7 Petroleum and natural gas industries - Design
and operation of subsea production systems - Part 7: Completion/workover
riser systems. |
Sec.1 A
606 In addition to the above mentioned standards or specifications,
relevant ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) standards
or codes apply.Sec.1
B. Background
Sec.1
B 100 Introduction
Sec.1 B
101 The DNV multidisciplinary competence throughout the company
is located at different sections or departments and even in different
countries. The main objective of this document is to present the
overall DNV competence and experience and to describe how DNV applies
these assets in the services offered in relation to dynamic riser
systems.
Sec.1 B
102 DNV is actively involved in Joint Industry Projects (JIP) and
Research and Development (R&D) projects. The experience
and knowledge gained from these projects are of great value for
the DNV services rendered.
Sec.1 B
103 DNV can through its multidiscipline competence directly engage
in technology development and assessment of various riser concepts.
This is outlined in some more detail in Section 2 of this OSS.
Sec.1 B
104 New challenges arise when moving into deeper waters. DNV has
been heavily involved in and gained valuable experiences from several
developments in the Gulf of Mexico and West of Africa since the
mid 1990's. DNV is thus qualified to assist operators and
designers to manage the risk associated with the new deepwater challenges
through early project involvement.Sec.1
B 200 Examples of Dynamic Riser Systems
Sec.1 B
201 The transport of hydrocarbons from a subsea well to or via
a production / storage unit positioned at the sea surface
may be conducted by a variety of riser configurations depending
on key field parameters, such as environmental conditions, platform
concept, production rates, well pressure/temperature, water
depth, flow assurance, installation issues etc. Also for other
applications like injection of gas or produced water into the well
or for export of hydrocarbons, riser systems similar to the production
riser may be used. The following categories of risers are typically
used for exploitation of hydrocarbons:| — | Production riser |
| — | Injection riser |
| — | Gas lift riser |
| — | Service riser |
| — | Export / import riser |
| — | Completion / Workover riser |
| — | Marine Drilling riser system |
| — | Subsea Control Umbilical |
| — | Integrated Production Umbilical. |
These categories differ with respect to typical dimensions, cross-sectional
composition, type of operation, functional requirements and design
load conditions.
Sec.1 B
202 Some of the following characteristic riser designs can be identified
to cover the above mentioned applications:
Sec.1 B
203 Top tensioned riser (TTR); Vertical
riser supported by a top tension in combination with boundary conditions
that allows for relative riser/floater motions in vertical
direction, i.e. by use of heave compensation system. The intended
(idealised) behaviour is that the applied top tension should maintain a
constant target value regardless of the floater motion. The capacity
of relative riser/floater motion in vertical direction (stroke)
in addition to applied top tension is the essential design parameter
governing the mechanical behaviour as well as the application range.
TTR's are applicable for all functional purposes as mentioned
above (excl. umbilical) and will hence represent an attractive alternative
for floaters with rather small heave motion.
Sec.1 B
204 Compliant riser; Compliant
riser configurations are designed to absorb floater motions by change
of geometry, without use of heave compensation systems. Compliant
risers are mainly applied as production, export/import
and injection risers. The required flexibility is for conventional
water depths normally obtained by arranging unbonded flexible pipes
in one of the 'classical' compliant riser configurations:
Steep S, Lazy S, Steep Wave, Lazy Wave, Pliant Wave or Free Hanging
(catenary). An example of a "non-classical" riser
configuration is the Compliant Vertical Access Riser (CVAR). In
deep water it is also possible to arrange metallic pipes in compliant
riser configurations. Critical locations on compliant risers are
typically the wave zone, hog -and sag bends, touch down
area at seafloor and at the terminations to rigid structures, e.g.
I- or J-tubes.
Sec.1 B
205 Hybrid riser; The hybrid
riser configuration is a combination of the tensioned and the compliant
riser in an efficient way. A typical configuration is a vertical/free
hanging riser from a submerged buoy to seabed with a compliant riser
from the buoy to the FPS. Hybrid risers are mainly applied as production,
export/import and injection risers. A riser tower is an assembly
of vertical risers from seabed connected to the FPS with compliant
risers. The vertical riser assembly is kept upright by various methods
(e.g. truss support structure, distributed buoyancy on the risers,
buoyancy tanks).
Sec.1
C. Definitions
Sec.1
C 100 General
Sec.1 C
101 The definitions in DNV-OS-F201 section 1 C200 also apply to
this OSS.
Sec.1 C
102 The most important definitions from DNV-OS-F201 applied in
this OSS are repeated. They are marked "(DNV-OS-F201)" between
the word and its definition.Sec.1
C 200 Verbal Forms
Sec.1 C
201 The terms will, can and may are
used when describing DNV's actions or activities, and the
terms shall, should and may are
used when referring to other parties than DNV.
Sec.1 C
202 "Shall":
Indicates requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform
to this OSS and from which no deviation is permitted.
Sec.1 C
203 "Should":
Indicates that among several possibilities, one is recommended as
particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or
that a certain course of action is preferred but not necessarily
required. Other possibilities may be applied subject to agreement.
Sec.1 C
204 "Will":
Indicates a mandatory action or activity to be undertaken by DNV.
(Ref. "shall" for other parties.)
Sec.1 C
205 "Can":
Indicates an action or activity that DNV not necessarily does unless
specifically requested by the Client. (Ref. "should" for
other parties.)
Sec.1 C
206 "May":
Verbal form used to indicate a course of action permissible within
the limits of the OSS.Sec.1
C 300 Definitions
Sec.1 C
301 Buoyancy modules (DNV-OS-F201):
Structure of light weight material, usually foamed polymers, strapped
or clamped to the exterior of riser joints, to reduce the submerged weight
of the riser.
Sec.1 C
302 Certification: Used
in this document to mean all the activities associated with the
process leading up to a Certificate. Guidance note:
In this OSS when Certification is
used it designates the overall scope of work or multiple activities
for the issue of a Certificate, whilst Verification is also used for single
activities associated with the work. This in essence means that Certification is Verification for which the deliverable
includes the issue of a Certificate.
Other (related) definitions are:
BS 4778: Part 2: Certification:
The authoritative act of documenting compliance with requirements.
EN
45011: Certification of Conformity:
Action by a third party, demonstrating that adequate confidence
is provided that a duly identified product, process or service is
in conformity with a specific standard or other normative document.
ISO
8402: 1994: Verification:
Confirmation by examination and provision of objective evidence
that specified requirements have been fulfilled.---e-n-d---o-f---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
Sec.1 C
303 Client: DNV's
contractual partner. It may be the purchaser, the owner or the contractor.
Sec.1 C
304 Completion/workover riser (DNV-OS-F201):
Temporary riser used for completion or workover operations and includes
any equipment between the subsea tree/tubing hanger and
the workover floaters tensioning system.
Sec.1 C
305 Compliant riser: A
riser designed to absorb floater motions by change of geometry,
without use of heave compensation systems.
Sec.1 C
306 Consulting: Technical
advisory service offered during any phase of a project.
Sec.1 C
307 Design: All related
engineering to design the riser including structural as well as
material and corrosion protection.
Sec.1 C
308 Design phase: An initial
riser phase that takes a systematic approach to the production of
specifications, drawings and other documents to ensure that the
riser system meets specified requirements (including design reviews
to ensure that design output is verified against design input requirements).
Sec.1 C
309 Design checks (DNV-OS-F201):
Design checks are investigations of the structural safety of the
riser under the influence of load effects (design load cases with
respect to specified limit states, representing one or more failure
modes, in terms of resistance of relevant structural models obtained
in accordance with specified principles).
Sec.1 C
310 Design Verification Report (DVR): A
document issued to confirm that the product/process has
been completed in accordance with specified requirements.
Sec.1 C
311 Drilling riser (DNV-OS-F201):
A riser utilised during drilling and workover operations and isolates
any wellbore fluids from the environment. The major functions of
drilling riser systems are to provide fluid transportation to and
from the well; support auxiliary lines, guide tools, and drilling
strings; serve as a running and retrieving string for the BOP. Drilling risers
may also be used for well completion and testing.
Sec.1 C
312 Effective tension (DNV-OS-F201):
The axial wall force (axial pipe wall stress times area) adjusted
for the contributions from external and internal pressure.
Sec.1 C
313 Export/import riser (DNV-OS-F201):
Export/import risers transfer the processed fluids from/to
the floater (structure to/from another facility, which
may include another platform/floater or pipeline).
Sec.1 C
314 Fabrication: Activities
related to the assembly of objects with a defined purpose.
Sec.1 C
315 Fatigue (DNV-OS-F201):
Cyclic loading causing degradation of the material.
Sec.1 C
316 Flex joint (DNV-OS-F201):
A laminated metal and elastomer assembly, having a central through-passage
equal to or greater in diameter than the interfacing pipe or tubing
bore, that is positioned in the riser string to reduce the local
bending stresses (typical installation at connection to floater/seafloor).
Sec.1 C
317 Flexible riser: Risers
used to take large motions. The flexible riser combines low bending
stiffness with high axial tensile stiffness by use of helical armouring
layers and polymer sealing layers.
Sec.1 C
318 Floater (DNV-OS-F201):
Buoyant installation, which is floating or fixed to the sea bottom
by mooring systems in temporary or permanent phases, e.g. TLP, Ship,
Semi, Spar, Deep Draft Floater etc.
Sec.1 C
319 Global analysis (DNV-OS-F201):
Analysis of the complete riser system.
Sec.1 C
320 Hybrid riser: A combination
of tensioned riser and compliant riser.
Sec.1 C
321 Installation (DNV-OS-F201):
The operation related to installing the riser system, such as running
of riser joints, landing and connecting or such as laying, tie-in,
etc. for a dynamic riser.
Sec.1 C
322 Limit State (DNV-OS-F201):
The state beyond which the riser or part of the riser no longer
satisfies the requirements laid down to its performance or operation.
Examples are structural failure (rupture, local buckling) or operations
limitations (stroke or clearance).
Sec.1 C
323 Load (DNV-OS-F201):
The term load refers to physical influences which cause stress,
strain, deformation, displacement etc. in the riser.
Sec.1 C
324 Load and Resistance Factor Design
(LRFD) (DNV-OS-F201): Design format based upon a Limit
State and Partial Safety Factor methodology. The partial safety
factor methodology is an approach where separate factors are applied
for each load effect (response) and resistance term.
Sec.1 C
325 Low frequency response (DNV-OS-F201):
Motion response at frequencies below wave frequencies or near surge, sway
and yaw eigenperiods for the floater. LF motions typically have
periods ranging from 30 to 300 seconds.
Sec.1 C
326 Manufacture: Making
of articles or materials, often in large volumes. In relation to
risers, refers to activities for the production of riser joints,
end terminations, components and application of coating.
Sec.1 C
327 Ovalisation (DNV-OS-F201):
The deviation of the perimeter from a circle. This has the form
as an elliptic cross section. The numerical definition of out of
roundness and ovalisation is the same.
Sec.1 C
328 Permanent riser (DNV-OS-F201):
A riser, which will be in continuous operations for a long time
period, irrespective of environmental conditions.
Sec.1 C
329 Production/injection riser (DNV-OS-F201):
Production risers transport fluids produced from the reservoir.
Injection risers transport fluids to the producing reservoir or
a convenient disposal or storage formation. The production riser
may be used for well workover, injection, completion and other purposes.
Sec.1 C
330 Riser component (DNV-OS-F201):
Any part of the riser system that may be subjected to pressure by
the internal fluid. This includes items such as flanges, connectors,
stress joints, tension joints, flex-joints, ball joints, telescopic
joints, slick joints, tees, bends, reducers and valves.
Sec.1 C
331 Riser joint (DNV-OS-F201):
A joint for metallic risers consists of a pipe member mid section,
with riser connectors at each end. Riser joints are typically provided
in 30 ft. to 50 ft. (9.14m to 15.24m) lengths. Shorter joints, "pup
joints", may also be provided to ensure proper space-out.
Sec.1 C
332 Riser system (DNV-OS-F201):
A riser system is considered to comprise the riser, all integrated
riser components and corrosion protection system.
Sec.1 C
333 Riser tensioner system (DNV-OS-F201):
A device that applies a tension to the riser string while compensating
for the relative vertical motion (stroke) between the floater and
riser. Tension variations are controlled by the stiffness of the
unit.
Sec.1 C
334 Risk analysis (DNV-OS-F201):
Analysis including a systematic identification and categorisation
of risk to people, the environment and to assets and financial interests.
Sec.1 C
335 Slender Structures: Slender
structures are used as a collective term for risers, tendons and
mooring lines.
Sec.1 C
336 Stress joint (DNV-OS-F201):
A specialised riser joint designed with a tapered cross section,
to control curvature and reduce local bending stresses.
Sec.1 C
337 Technical Report: A
document describing background, theory, methodology, input and results
from analyses or other work carried out.
Sec.1 C
338 Tensioned riser (DNV-OS-F201):
A riser, which is essentially kept straight and tensioned in all
parts, by applying a top tension to it.
Sec.1 C
339 Temporary riser (DNV-OS-F201):
A riser which is used intermittently for tasks of limited duration,
and which can be retrieved in severe environmental conditions, essentially marine/drilling
risers and completion/workover risers.
Sec.1 C
340 Umbilical: An umbilical
is used for example for subsea control, data communication and transportation
of production system service fluids and/or utility supplies.
The umbilical consists of a group of cables (e.g. electrical, optical
fibre) and hoses cabled together for flexibility, over sheathed
and or armoured for mechanical strength.
Sec.1 C
341 Verification: An examination
to confirm that an activity, a product or a service is in accordance
with specified requirements.
Sec.1 C
342 Verification Comments Sheets (VerCom): is
regarded as a systematic way of documenting the resolution process between
the parties involved. An example of VerCom is given in Appendix
A.
Sec.1 C
343 Wave frequency response (DNV-OS-F201):
Response at the frequencies of incident waves.
Sec.1 C
344 Working stress design (WSD) (DNV-OS-F201):
Design method where the structural safety margin is expressed by
one central safety factor for each limit state. The central safety
factor is the ratio between a resistance and the load effect.Sec.1
D. Abbreviations
Sec.1
D 100 Abbreviations
| ALS | Accidental Limit State |
| API | American Petroleum Institute |
| ASME | The American Society of Mechanical Engineers |
| ASTM | The American Society for Testing and Materials |
| CAPEX | Capital expenditure |
| CFD | Computational Fluid Dynamics |
| CVAR | Compliant Vertical Access Riser |
| DNV | Det Norske Veritas |
| DVR | Design Verification Report |
| FD | Frequency Domain |
| FE | Finite Element |
| FEA | Finite Element Analysis |
| FLS | Fatigue Limit State |
| FMEA | Failure Mode and Effect Analysis |
| FMECA | Failure Mode, Effect and Criticality Analysis |
| FPS | Floating Production System |
| H | Involvement level High (risk based verification / certification) |
| HAZID | Hazard Identification |
| HAZOP | Hazard and Operability Studies |
| HF | High Frequency |
| IPU | Integrated Production Umbilical |
| ISO | International Organization for Standardization |
| L | Involvement level Low (risk based verification / certification) |
| LF | Low Frequency |
| LMRP | Lower marine riser package |
| LRFD | Load and Resistance Factor Design |
| LRP | Lower riser package |
| LTD | Linear Time Domain |
| M | Involvement level Medium (risk based verification / certification) |
| MMF | Multitube Moment Factor |
| MPS | Manufacturing Procedure Specification |
| NDT | None Destructive Testing |
| NLTD | Non-Linear Time Domain |
| OPEX | Operational expenditure |
| OS | DNV Offshore Standard |
| OSS | DNV Offshore Service Specification |
| QRA | Quantitative Risk Analysis |
| R&D | Research and Development |
| RFC | Rain Flow Counting |
| RP | Recommended Practice |
| SCF | Stress Concentration Factor |
| SCR | Steel Catenary Riser |
| SHE | Safety, Health, Environment |
| SLS | Serviceability Limit State |
| SRA | Structural Reliability Analysis |
| TCR | Titanium Catenary Riser |
| TD | Time Domain |
| TTR | Top Tensioned Riser |
| ULS | Ultimate Limit State |
| VerCom | Verification Comment Sheet |
| VIV | Vortex Induced Vibrations |
| WF | Wave Frequency |
| WIO | Wake Induced Oscillations |
| WSD | Working Stress Design |
Sec.1
E. Other References
Sec.1
E 100 General
Sec.1 E
101 References not fully referred in the text in Sec.1 A are given
below:
Sec.1 E
102 ISO 8402 Quality - Vocabulary, 1994, International Organization
for Standardization, Geneva.
Sec.1 E
103 En 45011 General Criteria for Certification Bodies Operating
Product Certification, 1998, European Committee for Standardization,
Brussels.
Sec.1 E
104 BS 4778 Quality Vocabulary, Part 2 Quality Concepts and related
Definitions, 1991, British Standards Institute, London.
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